{"id":17531,"date":"2026-02-22T10:35:45","date_gmt":"2026-02-22T10:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/2026\/02\/22\/pectra-mainnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog\/"},"modified":"2026-02-22T10:35:45","modified_gmt":"2026-02-22T10:35:45","slug":"pectra-mainnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/2026\/02\/22\/pectra-mainnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog\/","title":{"rendered":"Pectra Mainnet Announcement | Ethereum Foundation Blog"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/ethereum-hackmd\/upload_c953ed34b3d2227e1ec03710bbb229b4.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"\">\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The Pectra network upgrade is scheduled to activate on the Ethereum mainnet on May 07, 2025 at epoch <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">364032<\/span> (10:05:11 UTC)! Mainnet client releases are listed <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2025\/04\/23\/pectra-mainnet#Client-Releases\">below<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"pectra-overview\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"pectra overview permalink\" href=\"#pectra-overview\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Pectra Overview<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Pectra follows last year&#8217;s <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2024\/02\/27\/dencun-mainnet-announcement\">Dencun upgrade<\/a>. It introduces features to augment Ethereum accounts, improve the validator experience, support L2 scaling and more!<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">This post explores these three major improvements in detail. For a more comprehensive overview, see <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/roadmap\/pectra\/\">ethereum.org&#8217;s guide to the upgrade<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"from-eoas-to-smart-accounts\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"from eoas to smart accounts permalink\" href=\"#from-eoas-to-smart-accounts\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>From EOAs to Smart Accounts<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7702\">EIP-7702<\/a> represents a major step toward widespread account abstraction, enabling users to enhance their Externally Owned Accounts (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/accounts\/\">EOAs<\/a>) with smart contract functionality.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">This hybrid approach combines the simplicity of EOAs with the programmability of contract-based accounts. In practice, it enables wallets to support:<\/p>\n<ul role=\"list\" class=\"css-1ars4k6\">\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Transaction batching<\/strong>, where multiple operations execute atomically within a single transaction. No more separate transactions for &#8220;approve&#8221; and &#8220;swap&#8221;!<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Gas sponsorship<\/strong>, which allows others to pay for transaction fees. This is especially useful when wanting to transact from an account that doesn&#8217;t have ETH in it.<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Alternative authentication<\/strong>, which means many <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hardware_security_module\">hardware security modules<\/a> (HSMs) in phones today can be used to authorize operations for the account via technologies like <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/fidoalliance.org\/passkeys\/\">passkeys<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Spending controls<\/strong>, which can limit how many tokens a specific application can spend, or cap daily outflows from a wallet, improving security.<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Recovery mechanisms<\/strong>, which provide different options for users to safeguard their assets, without migrating to a new account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">To use EIP-7702, an EOA signs an authorization pointing to a specific delegation address whose code it wants to execute. Once set, the account gains the new code\u2019s capabilities (e.g., batching, sponsorship, authentication logic, etc.). Because choosing a delegation target hands over a great deal of control, EIP-7702 enforces several safety checks:<\/p>\n<ul role=\"list\" class=\"css-1ars4k6\">\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Chain-specific delegations<\/strong>: by default, a delegation is only valid on a specific chain ID, preventing the same authorization from being used on different networks.<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Nonce-bound delegations<\/strong>: authorizations can be tied to the account&#8217;s current nonce, automatically invalidating them once the nonce increases.<\/li>\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Revocability<\/strong>: the owner of the EOA can always create another EIP-7702 authorization that revokes or replaces the existing delegation code, preventing a permanent lock-in if something goes wrong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">For best practice on using EIP-7702, see <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/roadmap\/pectra\/7702\/\">this page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"validator-ux-improvements\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"validator ux improvements permalink\" href=\"#validator-ux-improvements\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Validator UX Improvements<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Three new EIPs within Pectra improve the validator experience: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7251\">7251<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7002\">7002<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-6110\">6110<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The first, EIP-7251, raises the maximum balance a validator can receive rewards on from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH, through an opt-in update of withdrawal credential type.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">For stakers, this enables reward compounding. Previously, any rewards earned beyond a validator&#8217;s 32 ETH deposit would not count towards their active stake. Stakers who wanted to stake more than 32 ETH could only do so in fixed 32 ETH increments, relying on staking pools for anything in between. With EIP-7251, both existing and new validators can be configured to earn rewards on every ETH staked, up to 2048 ETH per validator.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">This EIP also allows larger operators to consolidate multiple validators, by merging multiple 32 ETH validators. This reduces the bandwidth requirement for the network as a whole. To understand the mechanics in detail, see <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/roadmap\/pectra\/maxeb\/\">this page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">EIP-7002 also extends validators&#8217; abilities, this time by introducing execution layer triggerable withdrawals. Prior to this EIP, only a validator&#8217;s active signing key could trigger an exit. Now, if an Ethereum address is set as a withdrawal credential, that too can force an exit. This reduces trust assumptions in delegation settings, as the owner of the funds &#8212; be they a human in control of an EOA or a DAO-managed smart contract &#8212; can always trustlessly initiate an exit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Lastly, EIP-6110 removes a lingering vestige of pre-merge Ethereum: the delay between validator deposits and their addition to the deposit queue. Pre-merge, the Beacon Chain had to wait 2048 blocks before processing validator deposits to account for potential proof-of-work re-orgs. This is no longer necessary!<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">With EIP-6110, deposit processing delays now drop from around 9 hours to roughly 13 minutes. Teku engineers Lucas Saldanha and Stefan Bratanov covered the details of EIP-7002 and EIP-6110 in their <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EyDChjFQEkQ\">joint Devcon SEA talk<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"blob-scaling-oo\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"blob scaling oo permalink\" href=\"#blob-scaling-oo\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Blob Scaling .oO<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The final major change in Pectra is EIP-7691, which doubles Ethereum\u2019s blob throughput!<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Blobs, introduced in the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7569\">Dencun upgrade<\/a>, are ephemeral data storage that L2s can use to submit compressed transaction data and proofs to Ethereum L1. Since going live, they&#8217;ve reduced L1 fees for L2s by 10-100x, resulting in far cheaper L2 user transactions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The Ethereum mainnet currently supports an average of 3 blobs per block, with a maximum of 6 to accommodate periods of high demand. With EIP-7691, these numbers will increase to an average of 6 and maximum of 9.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Unlike <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">CALLDATA<\/span>, which nodes store indefinitely, blobs are pruned from the network after 4096 epochs (~18 days). This bounds the amount of disk space they can use. The binding constraint for blobs is instead bandwidth, as blobs need to be gossiped over Ethereum&#8217;s peer-to-peer layer. To offset the bandwidth increase caused by EIP-7691, Pectra also introduces EIP-7623, which caps the worst-case size of a block.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">To continue scaling Ethereum\u2019s data throughput without a corresponding rise in bandwidth requirements, we must shift from a world where every node stores every blob to one where nodes store only a subset and sample the network to verify the remaining blob data. Good news: work to support this is already underway! Francesco from the Ethereum Foundation Research team outlined this scaling roadmap in his <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=toR2UKzE_zA\">Devcon keynote<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"pectra-specifications\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"pectra specifications permalink\" href=\"#pectra-specifications\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Pectra Specifications<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The list of changes introduced in Pectra can be found in <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7600\">EIP-7600<\/a>. For reference, they are:<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Additionally, full python specification for the changes to the execution and consensus layer specifications can be found in the following releases:<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Lastly, Pectra also introduces changes to the Engine API used for communication between the consensus and execution layer nodes. These are specified in the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/execution-apis\/blob\/main\/src\/engine\/prague.md\"><span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">prague.md<\/span><\/a> file of the repository.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"pectra-activation\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"pectra activation permalink\" href=\"#pectra-activation\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Pectra Activation<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The Pectra network upgrade will activate on the Ethereum mainnet at the start of epoch<span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">364032<\/span>, happening on May 07, 2025 at 10:05:11 UTC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">It was previously activated on the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2025\/03\/18\/hoodi-holesky\">Hoodi<\/a>, <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2025\/02\/14\/pectra-testnet-announcement\">Holesky and Sepolia<\/a> testnets.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"client-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"client releases permalink\" href=\"#client-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Client Releases<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The following client releases are suitable for the Pectra upgrade on the Ethereum mainnet.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"consensus-layer-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"consensus layer releases permalink\" href=\"#consensus-layer-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Consensus Layer Releases<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><em class=\"chakra-text css-0\">When running a validator, both the Consensus Layer Beacon Node and Validator Client must be updated.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul role=\"list\" class=\"css-1ars4k6\">\n<li class=\"css-0\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> the recommended Nimbus version was changed from <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">v25.4.0<\/span> to <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">v25.4.1<\/span> on April 26.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"execution-layer-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"execution layer releases permalink\" href=\"#execution-layer-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Execution Layer Releases<\/h3>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"faq\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"faq permalink\" href=\"#faq\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>FAQ<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"how-do-ethereum-network-upgrades-work\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"how do ethereum network upgrades work permalink\" href=\"#how-do-ethereum-network-upgrades-work\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>How do Ethereum network upgrades work?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Ethereum network upgrades require explicit opt-in from node operators on the network. While client developers come to consensus on what EIPs are included in an upgrade, they are not the ultimate deciders of its adoption.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">For the upgrade to go live, validators and non-staking nodes must manually update their software to support the protocol changes being introduced.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">If they use an Ethereum client that is not updated to the latest version (listed above), at the fork block, it will disconnect from upgraded peers, leading to a fork on the network. In this scenario, each subset of the network nodes will only stay connected with those who share their (un)upgraded status.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">While most Ethereum upgrades are non-contentious and cases leading to forks have been rare, the option for node operators to coordinate on whether to support an upgrade or not is a key feature of Ethereum&#8217;s governance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">For a more exhaustive overview of Ethereum&#8217;s governance process, see <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HoclxIBR2EM\">this talk by Tim Beiko<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-an-ethereum-mainnet-user-or-eth-holder-is-there-anything-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as an ethereum mainnet user or eth holder is there anything i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-an-ethereum-mainnet-user-or-eth-holder-is-there-anything-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As an Ethereum mainnet user or $ETH holder, is there anything I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">In short, no.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">If you use an exchange, digital wallet or hardware wallet you do not need to do anything unless you are informed to take additional steps by your exchange or wallet provider.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">If you&#8217;d like to watch the upgrade go live, you can join the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/NbxaCZYtW-I\">online viewing party<\/a>!<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-a-non-staking-node-operator-what-do-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as a non staking node operator what do i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-a-non-staking-node-operator-what-do-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As a non-staking node operator, what do I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">To be compatible with the upgrade, update your node&#8217;s execution and consensus layer clients to the versions listed in the table above.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-a-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as a staker what do i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-a-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As a staker, what do I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">To be compatible with the upgrade, update your node&#8217;s execution and consensus layer clients to the versions listed in the table above. <strong>Make sure both your beacon node and validator client are updated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-an-application-or-tooling-developer-what-should-i-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as an application or tooling developer what should i do permalink\" href=\"#as-an-application-or-tooling-developer-what-should-i-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As an application or tooling developer, what should I do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Review the EIPs included in Pectra to determine if and how they affect your project &#8212; there are many new exciting features being introduced across both the execution and consensus layers!<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"why-pectra\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"why pectra permalink\" href=\"#why-pectra\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Why &#8220;Pectra&#8221;?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Upgrades to the execution layer follow Devcon city names, and those to the consensus layer use star names. &#8220;Pectra&#8221; is the combination of Prague, the location of Devcon IV, and Electra, a blue-white giant star in the constellation of Taurus.<\/p>\n<hr aria-orientation=\"horizontal\" class=\"chakra-divider css-1e6gg7n\"\/>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Original cover image by <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/red-and-white-concrete-houses-at-daytime--WNG-ErziqM\">Julia Solonina<\/a>, with modifications by <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/tomosaito\">Tomo Saito<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/en\/2025\/04\/23\/pectra-mainnet\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Pectra network upgrade is scheduled to activate on the Ethereum mainnet on May 07, 2025 at epoch 364032 (10:05:11 UTC)! Mainnet client releases are listed below. Pectra Overview Pectra follows last year&#8217;s Dencun upgrade. It introduces features to augment Ethereum accounts, improve the validator experience, support L2 scaling and more! This post explores these [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17532,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"kronos_expire_date":[],"class_list":["post-17531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethereum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17531"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17531\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17532"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17531"},{"taxonomy":"kronos_expire_date","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kronos_expire_date?post=17531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}