{"id":23846,"date":"2026-09-29T01:00:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T01:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/2026\/09\/29\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog\/"},"modified":"2026-09-29T01:00:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T01:00:52","slug":"glamsterdam-testnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/2026\/09\/29\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement-ethereum-foundation-blog\/","title":{"rendered":"Glamsterdam Testnet Announcement | Ethereum Foundation Blog"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-body\">\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Glamsterdam follows the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/[YYYY]\/[MM]\/[DD]\/2025-11-06-fusaka-mainnet-announcement.md\">Fusaka upgrade<\/a>, advancing Ethereum&#8217;s L1 scaling roadmap with enshrined proposer-builder separation, block-level access lists, and changes to gas pricing that better reflect the cost of execution and state growth.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The Glamsterdam network upgrade is scheduled to activate on <strong>Sepolia at epoch <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">353,024<\/span>, slot <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">11,296,768<\/span> (October 6, 2026, 13:53:36 UTC)<\/strong>. See the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2026\/09\/17\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement#glamsterdam-activation\">activation table<\/a> below for the deployment schedule. Hoodi and mainnet activation dates have not yet been decided.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Sepolia-compatible client versions will be added to the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2026\/09\/17\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement#client-releases\">client release tables<\/a> as they are confirmed. Node operators must update both their execution and consensus layer clients before activation.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"glamsterdam-overview\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"glamsterdam overview permalink\" href=\"#glamsterdam-overview\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Glamsterdam Overview<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Glamsterdam combines the Amsterdam execution layer upgrade with the Gloas consensus layer upgrade. Its headlining changes are enshrined proposer-builder separation (ePBS) and block-level access lists (BALs), which change how blocks are produced and validated to support greater L1 throughput.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"enshrined-proposer-builder-separation\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"enshrined proposer builder separation permalink\" href=\"#enshrined-proposer-builder-separation\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7732\">EIP-7732<\/a> brings the separation between block proposers and builders into Ethereum&#8217;s consensus protocol. A proposer includes a builder&#8217;s commitment to an execution payload, and the builder subsequently reveals that payload. The protocol handles payment to the proposer, reducing reliance on trusted middleware for the exchange between proposers and builders.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The change also separates consensus validation from execution validation, giving validators more time to validate execution payloads. A payload timeliness committee attests to whether the builder revealed its payload and the corresponding blob data was available on time. Validator operators and teams maintaining builder infrastructure should review the new duties and interfaces before the upgrade.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"block-level-access-lists\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"block level access lists permalink\" href=\"#block-level-access-lists\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Block-Level Access Lists<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7928\">EIP-7928<\/a> introduces enforced block-level access lists that record the accounts and storage locations accessed during a block, together with post-transaction state changes. These lists allow clients to read state from disk in parallel, validate transactions in parallel, and compute state roots more efficiently.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Together, ePBS and BALs provide a foundation for scaling execution capacity while keeping block validation practical for node operators.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"gas-pricing-and-state-growth\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"gas pricing and state growth permalink\" href=\"#gas-pricing-and-state-growth\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Gas Pricing and State Growth<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Glamsterdam adjusts gas accounting to better reflect resource usage. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-8037\">EIP-8037<\/a> increases and separately meters the cost of creating state, while <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-8038\">EIP-8038<\/a> updates state-access costs. Additional changes cover intrinsic transaction gas, calldata, access lists, and block gas accounting.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Application developers should test contracts and gas estimation against the new rules. Contracts that rely on fixed gas stipends, hardcoded gas limits, or assumptions about remaining gas may need changes. See the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/[YYYY]\/[MM]\/[DD]\/2026-08-24-glamsterdam-repricing-testing.md\">Glamsterdam repricing impact guide<\/a> for the affected-contracts search and testing guidance.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"developer-and-validator-improvements\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"developer and validator improvements permalink\" href=\"#developer-and-validator-improvements\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Developer and Validator Improvements<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Glamsterdam also includes ETH transfer logs, a slot-number opcode, a higher maximum contract size, a deterministic factory contract, and new stack-manipulation instructions. Consensus changes include forward-compatible data structures, excluding slashed validators from proposing, and increased exit and consolidation churn. The complete scheduled EIP list is below.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"glamsterdam-specifications\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"glamsterdam specifications permalink\" href=\"#glamsterdam-specifications\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Glamsterdam Specifications<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7773\">EIP-7773<\/a> tracks the Glamsterdam upgrade. The following EIPs are scheduled for inclusion:<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">EIP-7773 also lists supporting networking and informational EIPs:<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"glamsterdam-security\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"glamsterdam security permalink\" href=\"#glamsterdam-security\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Glamsterdam Security<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The Ethereum Bug Bounty Program is now active for Glamsterdam specifications and EIPs. Client implementations become eligible as soon as their releases are added to the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2026\/09\/17\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement#client-releases\">client release tables<\/a> below. See the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/bug-bounty\/\">Ethereum Bug Bounty Program<\/a> for more information, including reward multipliers and reporting requirements.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"glamsterdam-activation\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"glamsterdam activation permalink\" href=\"#glamsterdam-activation\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Glamsterdam Activation<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">The <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/pm\/blob\/master\/glamsterdam-pm.md\">agreed deployment schedule<\/a>, reflected in the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/EIPs\/pull\/12355\">Sepolia activation update to EIP-7773<\/a>, is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"css-ylxp7t\">\n<table class=\"chakra-table css-nz8z8i\">\n<thead class=\"css-0\">\n<tr class=\"css-0\">\n<th class=\"css-b6vxtn\">Network<\/th>\n<th class=\"css-b6vxtn\">Epoch<\/th>\n<th class=\"css-b6vxtn\">Slot<\/th>\n<th class=\"css-b6vxtn\">UTC Time<\/th>\n<th class=\"css-b6vxtn\">UNIX Timestamp<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"css-i54j9x\">\n<tr class=\"css-0\">\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><strong>Sepolia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">353,024<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">11,296,768<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><strong>2026-10-06 13:53:36<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">1791294816<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"css-0\">\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><strong>Hoodi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"css-0\">\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\"><strong>Mainnet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<td class=\"css-3c0snn\">TBD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Hoodi and mainnet activation times will be announced once decided by client teams. This announcement covers Sepolia; it does not schedule a mainnet upgrade.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"client-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"client releases permalink\" href=\"#client-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Client Releases<\/h2>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Sepolia-compatible client releases are listed below. The tables will be updated as additional releases become available. Only use a release whose notes explicitly confirm support for the scheduled Glamsterdam activation on Sepolia.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"consensus-layer-sepolia-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"consensus layer sepolia releases permalink\" href=\"#consensus-layer-sepolia-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Consensus Layer Sepolia Releases<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\"><em class=\"chakra-text css-0\">When running a validator, both the Consensus Layer Beacon Node and Validator Client must be updated.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Prysm 7.2.0 supports the Sepolia fork but defaults to a 60M gas limit after activation. Validators wishing to propose with a 200M gas limit must configure it explicitly using version 2 proposer settings or the keymanager API; <span class=\"chakra-text css-ons8vw\">&#8211;suggested-gas-limit<\/span> has no effect after Gloas. See the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/OffchainLabs\/prysm\/releases\/tag\/v7.2.0\">Prysm release notes<\/a> for instructions.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"execution-layer-sepolia-releases\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"execution layer sepolia releases permalink\" href=\"#execution-layer-sepolia-releases\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Execution Layer Sepolia Releases<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Builder and validator tooling compatibility guidance will be added once confirmed for Sepolia. Operators using external block-building infrastructure should also review its Glamsterdam-specific upgrade instructions.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"chakra-heading group css-1kpzc4q\" id=\"faq\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"faq permalink\" href=\"#faq\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>FAQ<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"how-do-ethereum-network-upgrades-work\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"how do ethereum network upgrades work permalink\" href=\"#how-do-ethereum-network-upgrades-work\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>How do Ethereum network upgrades work?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Ethereum network upgrades require explicit opt-in from node operators. Client developers coordinate the protocol changes, and validators and non-staking nodes update their software to support them.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">A node that does not support the new rules cannot follow the upgraded network after activation. Coordinating these updates is therefore essential for a successful upgrade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">For a more exhaustive overview of Ethereum&#8217;s governance process, see <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HoclxIBR2EM\">this talk by Tim Beiko<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-an-ethereum-mainnet-user-or-eth-holder-is-there-anything-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as an ethereum mainnet user or eth holder is there anything i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-an-ethereum-mainnet-user-or-eth-holder-is-there-anything-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As an Ethereum mainnet user or ETH holder, is there anything I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">No. This announcement concerns Sepolia. A separate announcement will cover Glamsterdam&#8217;s activation on mainnet.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-a-non-staking-sepolia-node-operator-what-do-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as a non staking sepolia node operator what do i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-a-non-staking-sepolia-node-operator-what-do-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As a non-staking Sepolia node operator, what do I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Before October 6, 2026 at 13:53:36 UTC, update both your execution and consensus layer clients to releases that support the scheduled Sepolia activation. The <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2026\/09\/17\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement#client-releases\">client release tables<\/a> will be updated as versions are confirmed.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-a-sepolia-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as a sepolia staker what do i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-a-sepolia-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As a Sepolia staker, what do I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Update your execution and consensus layer clients before activation. <strong>Make sure both your beacon node and validator client are updated.<\/strong> Review your client&#8217;s upgrade instructions for the new ePBS duties and any changes required to builder or validator tooling.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-a-hoodi-or-mainnet-node-operator-or-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as a hoodi or mainnet node operator or staker what do i need to do permalink\" href=\"#as-a-hoodi-or-mainnet-node-operator-or-staker-what-do-i-need-to-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As a Hoodi or mainnet node operator or staker, what do I need to do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">No action is required for those networks as a result of this Sepolia announcement. Their activation dates and compatible client releases will be announced separately.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"as-an-application-or-tooling-developer-what-should-i-do\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"as an application or tooling developer what should i do permalink\" href=\"#as-an-application-or-tooling-developer-what-should-i-do\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>As an application or tooling developer, what should I do?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Review the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-7773\">EIPs scheduled for Glamsterdam<\/a>, test on Sepolia after activation, and check whether changes to gas accounting, logs, opcodes, or client interfaces affect your project. In particular, follow the <a class=\"chakra-link css-vezwxf\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/[YYYY]\/[MM]\/[DD]\/2026-08-24-glamsterdam-repricing-testing.md\">repricing impact guide<\/a> to identify contracts that depend on fixed gas assumptions and update gas estimation where needed.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"chakra-heading group css-xuzltg\" id=\"why-glamsterdam\" data-group=\"true\"><a class=\"chakra-link css-128fqrf\" aria-label=\"why glamsterdam permalink\" href=\"#why-glamsterdam\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"chakra-icon css-173jpr1\"><g fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M10.458,18.374,7.721,21.11a2.853,2.853,0,0,1-3.942,0l-.892-.891a2.787,2.787,0,0,1,0-3.941l5.8-5.8a2.789,2.789,0,0,1,3.942,0l.893.892A1,1,0,0,0,14.94,9.952l-.893-.892a4.791,4.791,0,0,0-6.771,0l-5.8,5.8a4.787,4.787,0,0,0,0,6.77l.892.891a4.785,4.785,0,0,0,6.771,0l2.736-2.735a1,1,0,1,0-1.414-1.415Z\"\/><path d=\"M22.526,2.363l-.892-.892a4.8,4.8,0,0,0-6.77,0l-2.905,2.9a1,1,0,0,0,1.414,1.414l2.9-2.9a2.79,2.79,0,0,1,3.941,0l.893.893a2.786,2.786,0,0,1,0,3.942l-5.8,5.8a2.769,2.769,0,0,1-1.971.817h0a2.766,2.766,0,0,1-1.969-.816,1,1,0,1,0-1.415,1.412,4.751,4.751,0,0,0,3.384,1.4h0a4.752,4.752,0,0,0,3.385-1.4l5.8-5.8a4.786,4.786,0,0,0,0-6.771Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/a>Why &#8220;Glamsterdam&#8221;?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"chakra-text css-gi02ar\">Execution layer upgrades are named after Devcon or Devconnect host cities, and consensus layer upgrades use star names. Glamsterdam combines Gloas and Amsterdam, the location of Devconnect in 2022.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/en\/2026\/09\/17\/glamsterdam-testnet-announcement\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glamsterdam follows the Fusaka upgrade, advancing Ethereum&#8217;s L1 scaling roadmap with enshrined proposer-builder separation, block-level access lists, and changes to gas pricing that better reflect the cost of execution and state growth. The Glamsterdam network upgrade is scheduled to activate on Sepolia at epoch 353,024, slot 11,296,768 (October 6, 2026, 13:53:36 UTC). See the activation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23152,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"kronos_expire_date":[],"class_list":["post-23846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethereum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23846","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23846"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23846\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23846"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23846"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23846"},{"taxonomy":"kronos_expire_date","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cryptoted.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kronos_expire_date?post=23846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}